Agricultural Animal Waste Task Force. Policy Recommendations for Management of Agricultural Animal Waste in North Carolina. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University. April 1996.

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, and Auburn University. "Ammonia Loss to Atmosphere Studied," Highlights of Agricultural Research, Spring 1998, Vol. 45, No. 1.

America's Clean Water Foundation. Comprehensive Environmental Framework for Pork Production Operations. December 17, 1997.

Aneja, Viney P., George C. Murray, and James Southerland. "Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds: Emissions, Transport, Transformation, Deposition, and Assessment," EM, April 1998, p. 22-25.

Aneja, Viney P., Yongxian Li, John Walker and J.P. Chauhan. "Atmospheric Ammonia/Nitrogen Compounds Emissions and Characterization". Proceedings from Workshop on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds, March 1997.

Animal Production Systems and the Environment: An International Conference on Odor, Water Quality, Nutrient Management, and Socioeconomic Issues. July 1998. Des Moines, Iowa. [2 volumes].

Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. "The Empire of the Pigs, A Special Report on Corporate Welfare." Time. November 30, 1998. Vol. 152, No. 22.

Battye, R., et al. Development and Selection of Ammonia Emission Factors: Final Report. August 1994. [Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-D3-0034].

"Boss Hog: North Carolina's Pork Revolution" The News & Observer [Raleigh, NC], February 19-26, 1995. [Series of news articles].

Brune, D. E., and J. Doolittle. "Locating Lagoon Seepage with Radar and Electromagnetic Survey," Environmental Geology and Water Science, 1990, Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 195-207.

Burkholder, J.M. et al. "Impacts to a Coastal River and Estuary from Rupture of a Swine Waste Holding Lagoon," Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 26, p.1451-1466. 1997.

Cahoon, L.B., J.A. Mickucki and M.A. Mallin. Nutrient Imports to the Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins in Animal Feeds. In Manure Management in Harmony with the Environment and Society. Soil and Water Conservation Service, Ames, Iowa. 1998. p.228-232.

Carpenter, Stephen, et al. "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorous and Nitrogen," Issues in Ecology, Summer 1998, No. 3. You can also download a PDF file.

Chapin, Amy, Charlotte Boulind, and Amanda Moore. Controlling Odor and Gaseous Emissions Problems from Industrial Swine Facilities. Yale Environmental Protection Clinic and Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture. Spring 1998.

Chastain, John P. "Pollution Potential of Livestock Manure," Engineering Notes, Winter 1994-95. [Published by University of Minnesota, Department of Agricultural Engineering].

Clean Water Network, and Natural Resources Defense Council. America's Animal Factories: How States Fail to Prevent Pollution from Livestock Waste. December 1998.

Cook, Michael, and Elaine Stanley. Statement of Michael Cook, Director, Office of Wastewater Management, and Elaine Stanley, Director, Office of Complaince, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Before U.S. House of Representatives, May 13, 1998.

Copeland, Claudia, and Jeffrey Zinn. Animal Waste Management and the Environment: Background for Current Issues. Congressional Research Service Report for the U.S. Congress, No. 98-451. Updated May 12, 1998. [downloaded 12/20/98 from http://www.cnie.org/nle/ag-48.html]

Cornelius, Wayne L. "Comparison of Nitrogenous Ion Deposition and Human and Animal Census Trends in Eastern North Carolina". Proceedings from Workshop on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds, March 1997.

Crabtree, John. "An Alternative Vision for Pork Production." [no date], http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/FRM/ManureMgmt/Paper30.html. [downloaded Sept. 15, 1998].

Crouse, David. "Regulations on Land Application According to Waste Characterization: Poultry, Swine, Broiler Chicken and Turkey". Presentation at Animal Feeding Operations and Groundwater Conference, November 1998.

Curtis, H. and N. S. Barnes. Biology. 1989. Worth Publishers, Inc. New York.

Dennis, Robin L. "Linkages in Airsheds & Watersheds for Nitrogen Deposition". Proceedings from Workshop on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds, March 1997.

Division of Environmental Management, Water Quality Section, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Tar-Pamlico River Nutrient Management Plan for Nonpoint Sources of Pollution, December 1995.

Division of Water Quality, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Impact of Animal Waste Lagoons on Ground Water Quality, June 1998. [Report by Division of Water Quality, Groundwater Section].

Division of Water Quality, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Concept Paper (Draft Plan): Neuse River Nutrient Sensitive Waters (NSW) Management Strategy, July 1996.

Donham, Kelley, and Kendall Thu, eds. Understanding the Impacts of Large-Scale Swine Production: Proceedings from an Interdisciplinary Workshop, June 1995. Des Moines, Iowa.

Donham, Kelley. "Community and Environmentally Acceptable Livestock Production: Defining the Challenge". Presentation at Animal Feeding Operations and Ground Water Conference, November 1998.

Drabenstott, Mark. "This Little Piggy Went to Market: Will the New Pork Industry Call the Heartland Home_," Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, 1998Q3, Vol. 83, p79-97.

Edwards, Bob, and Anthony E. Ladd. Its a Dirty Business and the People Want Stricter Swine Regulations: Results from Recent Surveys of Eastern North Carolina. [Paper prepared for presentation at the Louisana Environment '98: Law, Science and the Public Interest Conference, Tulane University Law School, New Orleans, LA. March 6-8, 1998].

Environmental Defense. Recommendations for a Plan to Phase Out the Use of Anaerobic Lagoons and Sprayfields May 1998.

Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1994," Successful Farming Online, 1994. http://www.agriculture.com/sfonline/archive/sf/porkpwr/pp.html.

Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1995," Successful Farming Online, 1995. http://www.agriculture.com/sfonline/archive/sf/porkpwr/pp2.html.

Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1996," Successful Farming Online, 1996. http://www.agriculture.com/sfonline/archive/sf/porkpwr/pph3indx.html.

Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1997," Successful Farming, Oct. 1997, Vol. 95, No. 10.

Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1998," Successful Farming, Oct. 1998, Vol. 96, No. 10.

Gilliam, J.W., D. L. Osmond, and R.O. Evans. Selected Agricultural Best Management Practices to Control Nitrogen in the Neuse River Basin. 1997. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin 311. NC State University, Raleigh, NC.

Gilliam, J.W., et al. Contamination of Surficial Aquifers with Nitrogen Applied to Agricultural Land. Nov. 1996. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, Report No. 306.

Glynn, M. Kathleen, et al. "Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104 Infections in the United States," The New England Journal of Medicine, May 7, 1998, Vol. 338, No. 19.

Harper, Lowry A., and Ron R. Sharpe. "Climate and Water Effects on Gaseous Ammonia Emissions from a Swine Lagoon." United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Resource Service. [no date or publication source available].

Harvard Business School. Technology Crisis and the Future of Agribusiness: Antibiotic Resistance in Humans and Animals. Publication N9-598-024. July 18, 1997. [referenced as Harvard, 1997-a].

Harvard Business School. National Pork Producers Council. Publication N9-598-053. November 4, 1997. [referenced as Harvard, 1997-b].

Hubbell, Bryan, and Rick Welsh. "An Examination of Trends in Geographic Concentration in U.S. Hog Industry: 1974-1995." [Forthcoming article in Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics].

Huffman, R. L., and P. W. Westerman. "Estimated Seepage Losses from Established Swine Waste Lagoons in the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina," Transactions of The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1995, Vol. 38, No. 2, p. 449-453.

Ikerd, John. Large Scale, Corporate Hog Operations: Why Rural Communities Are Concerned and What They Should Do. University of Missouri, Columbia, http://ssu.agri.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/top-10h.htm. [downloaded 10/5/98].

Kershen, Drew L, and Patricia E. Dougherty. Law and Policy for Feedlots: A Report on the ABA Special Committee on Agricultural Management Roundtable on Environmental Issues in Animal Feedlots. Spring 1998. http://www.cast-science.org/9711aba2.htm.

King, Larry D., J. C. Burns, and P. W. Westerman. "Long-Term Swine Lagoon Effluent Applications on 'Coastal' Bermudagrass: II. Effect on Nutrient Accumulation in Soil," Journal of Environmental Quality, Oct.-Dec. 1990, Vol. 19, p. 756-760.

Lander, Charles H., David Moffitt, and Klaus Alt (retired). Nutrients Available from Livestock Manure Relative to Crop Growth Requirements. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Resource Assessment and Strategic Planning Working Paper 98-1.

Mallin, M.A., et al. "Comparative Effects of Poultry and Swine Waste Lagoon Spills on the Quality of Receiving Streamwaters," Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 26, p.1622-1631. 1997.

Mallin, M.A., et al. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Loading on photosynthetic and Heterotrophic Plankton Communities in Blackwater Rivers. Report No. 315. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina. 1998.

Mallin, M.A., et al. "Effect of Swine Waste Nutrients on Blackwater Systems: Field and Experimental Data," Project No. 70156, Water Resources Research Institute, University of North Carolina. 1997.

Manure Management in Harmony with the Environment and Society. Extended abstracts of papers and posters presented at the Manure Management Conference, February 10-12, 1998, Ames, Iowa. Sponsored by Soil and Water Conservation Society, West Central Region.

National Pork Producers Council, Pork Facts 1998/1999.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard: Waste Utilization (Acre) Code 633. September, 1996.

Nicolai, Richard E. Managing Odors from Swine Waste. University of Minnesota Extension Program. Publication AEU-8.

North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Control of Odor Emissions from Animal Operations: A Report from the Board of Governors of the University of North Carolina

North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University. Options for Managing Odor: A Report from the Swine Odor Taskforce. March 1, 1995.

North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University. Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry. March 10, 1995.

North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Agricultural Statistics Department, http://www.ncagr.com/stats/livestoc.htm

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. "Quarterly Status Report on Permitting and Inspecting Animal Waste Management Systems for Period Beginning July 1, 1998 and Ending September 30, 1998" [Publicly-available quarterly report issued pursuant to Chapter 15, Section 15.2(a) on the 1997 North Carolina Session Laws].

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources.  "Quarterly Status Report on Permitting and Inspecting Animal Waste Management Systems for Period Beginning October 1, 1997 and Ending December 31, 1997." [Publicly-available quarterly report issued pursuant to Chapter 15, Section 15.2(a) on the 1997 North Carolina Session Laws].

North Carolina House Bill 1480. 1997 North Carolina General Assembly, Regular Session 1998. ["An Act to Provide for the Registration of Swine Operation Integrators by Swine Growers"].

North Carolina House Bill 515. 1997 North Carolina General Assembly, First Session 1997. ["Clean Water Responsibility and Environmentally Sound Policy Act"].

North Carolina Senate Bill 1080. 1995 North Carolina General Assembly, First Session 1995. ["Swine Farm Siting Act"].

North Carolina Senate Bill 1217. 1995 North Carolina General Assembly, Regular Session 1996. ["An Act to Implement the Recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Study Commission on Agricultural Waste"].

North Carolina State University, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. 1997 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual.

Okun, Melva. What's That Smell in the Air_ 1997. http://checc.sph.unc.edu/rooms/library/docs/Hogs/hogcase.html.

Peierls, Benjamin L., and Hans W. Paerl. "Note: Bioavailability of Atmospheric Organic Nitrogen Deposition to Coastal Phytoplankton," Limnology and Oceanography, 1997, Vol. 42, No. 8, p. 1823-1828.

Pierce, Carroll, and Dennis Ramsey. "Regulation of Animal Waste -- The North Carolina Experience," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Sept./Oct. 1997, Vol. 52, No. 5.

Rader, Douglas N., Joe Rudek, and Michelle Duval. Major Issues Related to Swine Waste: Nutrient Management. Environmental Defense Briefing Paper, March 1998.

Randall, D., W. Burggren, and K. French. Eckert Animal Physiology. 1997. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Save Our State Report, June 11, 1998. Raleigh, NC. [Proceedings from forum entitled "Hog Waste and Environmental Quality in North Carolina: Defining the problems, finding the solutions"].

Ritter, W. F., E. W. Walpole, and R. P. Eastburn. "Effect of An Anaerobic Swine Lagoon on Groundwater Quality in Sussex County, Delaware," Agricultural Wastes, 1984, Vol. 10, p. 267-284.

Roth, Daniel. "The Ray Kroc of Pigsties," Forbes, Oct 13, 1997 v160 n8 p115.

Rudek, Joe. Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition & Ecosystem Health in North Carolina: A Public Perspective. March 1997.

Rudek, Joe. Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition from Agricultural Activities. Environmental Defense Fact Sheet, February 1998.

Rudo, Kenneth. Memo to Dennis McBride, State Health Director, RE: Nitrate Well Water Testing Program Adjacent to Intensive Livestock Operations. August 14, 1998.

Safley, L.M., et al. Global Methane Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Manure. February 1992. [United State Environmental Protection Agency Publication ANR-445].

Schiffman, Susan, et al. "The Effect of Environmental Odors Emanating From Commercial Swine Operations on the Mood of Nearby Residents" Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 37. No. 4, 369-375, 1995.

Schiffman, Susan. Presentation at Save Our State: Forum on Hog Waste and Environmental Quality in North Carolina June 1998.

Schiffman, S.S. 1998. Livestock oders: Implications for human health and well-being. Journal of Animal Sciences, 76:1343-1355.

Schiffman, S.S., Walker, J.M., Dalton, P., Lorig, T.S., Raymer, J.H., Shusterman, D., Williams, C.M., 2000. Potential health effect of odor from animal operation, wastewater treatment, and recycling of byproducts. Journal of Agromedicine, 7: 7-81.

Sharpley, Andrew N., et al. "Managing Agricultural Phosphorous for Protection of Surface Waters: Issues and Opinions," Journal of Environmental Quality, May/June 1994, Vol. 23, p. 437-451.

Sharpley, Andrew, William Gburek and Gorden Folmer (USDA). "Integrated Phosphorus and Nitrogen Management in Animal Feeding Operations for Water Quality Protection". Presentation at Animal Feeding Operations and Groundwater Conference, November 1998.

Showers, Bill. Progress Report: Stable Nitrogen Isotopic Tracers of Excess Nitrogen Sources to the Neuse River Basin Estuary and Nearshore Waters, April 1, 1998. NC State University Stable Isotope Laboratory.

Sobsey, Mark. Presentation at Save Our State: Forum on Hog Waste and Environmental Quality in North Carolina June 1998

Sold Down the River. The News & Observer [Raleigh, NC], March 1996. [Series of news articles].

Sutton, Alan L., et al. Integrated Animal Waste Management. November 1996. [Task Force Report published by the Council on Agricultural Science and Technology]. Summary available at:

Thu, Kendall, et al. "A Control Study of the Physical and Mental Health of Residents Living Near a Large-scale Swine Operation," Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1997.

Understanding the Impacts of Large-Scale Swine Production: Proceedings from an Interdisciplinary Scientific Workshop, Des Moines, IA, June 1995. [Proceedings from conference, edited by Kendall Thu, University of Iowa].

United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry. Animal Waste Pollution in America: An Emerging National Problem, December, 1997. You can also download a PDF file.

University of North Carolina, Board of Governors. Control of Odor Emissions from Animal Operations. 1998.

Vitousek, Peter M., et al. "Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences," Issues in Ecology, Spring 1997, No. 1. You can also download a PDF file.

Vitousek, Peter M., et al. "Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Sources and Consequences," Ecological Applications, August 1997, Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 737-750.

Walker, John Thomas. Atmospheric Transport and Wet Deposition of Ammonium in North Carolina. 1998. [Thesis paper, submitted to North Carolina State University].

Westerman, P. W., R. L. Huffman, and J. S. Feng. "Swine-Lagoon Seepage in Sandy Soil," Transactions of The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1995, Vol. 38, No. 6, p. 1749-1760.

Whittle, Dan. The Regulation of Animal Waste in North Carolina. Prepared for North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, December 1996

Wing, S. and Wolf, S., 2000. Intensive livestock operations, health, and quality of life among eastern North Carolina residents.  Environmental Health Perspectives.  108: 233-238.

Workshop on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds: Emissions, Transport, Transformation, Deposition, & Assessment, March 10-12, 1997, Raleigh, NC. [Proceedings from conference sponsored by North Carolina State University, et al.]

Zahn, James. Report on Odor Research and Environmental Issues Concerning Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. 1998. [From Legislative Session on the Environment and Agriculture, February 9, 1998, State Capitol, Topeka, KS].

Zering, Kelly, et al. The Swine Industry in North Carolina. Published by North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service (last revision: June 1996). [electronic document, downloaded 12/12/98].

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