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Publications Available Through Hog Watch
DOLLARS AND SENSE: An Economic Analysis of Alternative Hog Waste Management Technologies (November, 2000): This report shows that pork producers can afford to replace outdated lagoons with new systems for managing harmful hog waste and concludes that new technologies will increase pork production costs by only pennies per pound and will better protect the environment and public health. The report also calls on the NC General Assembly and the state Environmental Management Commission to mandate the phase out of open-air lagoon systems on hog farms and calls for corporate hog producers that own the hogs to be held responsible for environmental problems.
Hog Lagoons: Pitting Pork Waste Against Public Health and Environment North Carolina has more than 2,600 registered hog operations using at least one, and often more, open-air pits dug in the earth to process the waste from the state's 10 million hogs. The most recent number of active open-air pits totaled more than 3,800, with the number of abandoned pits at nearly 550. The vast majority of these pits (often referred to as "lagoons") are located along waterways and on lands that drain to the state's coastal waters, which have tremendous economic and ecological value for North Carolina. Environmental Defense highlights the severe threats to public health and the environment associated with these lagoons and calls for the adoption of a solution package
Save Our State Report. Report from a meeting of legislators, policy makers, industry representatives, environmentalists, and
scientists. Includes summaries of the participants' presentations on the relationship between hog waste and human health, the environment, economics, technology, and public policy. A Report
on the Save Our State Forum, June 11, 1998. Raleigh, NC. [Proceedings from forum entitled "Hog Waste and Environmental Quality in North Carolina: Defining the problems, finding the
solutions"].
Environmental Defense's Recommendations for a Plan to Phase Out the Use of Anaerobic Lagoons and Sprayfields. A
detailed proposal for a realistic, effective, and lasting alternative to the use of anaerobic lagoons and sprayfields to dispose of hog waste. The proposal calls for the use of performance-based criteria for swine waste systems that are designed to achieve specific environmental and public health goals. Environmental Defense. Recommendations for a Plan to Phase Out the Use of Anaerobic Lagoons and Sprayfields. May 1998.
Resources Available Elsewhere on the Internet
An Alternative Vision for Pork Production. A discussion of how independent hog farms can be a viable alternative to hog
factories. Crabtree, John. "An Alternative Vision for Pork Production." [no date]. [downloaded Sept. 15, 1998 from http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/FRM/ManureMgmt/Paper30.html].
America's Animal Factories. An in-depth, state-by-state summary of the impacts of waste from intensive animal operations. For each
state, information is provided on pollution problems, regulatory climate, and several other topics related to animal factories. Clean Water Network, and Natural Resources Defense Council.
America's Animal Factories: How States Fail to Prevent Pollution from Livestock Waste. December 1998.
Animal Waste Management and the Environment: Background for Current Issues. Congressional Research Service report on waste from animal
agricultural operations. Describes the livestock production industry today along with public health and environmental concerns related to the industry. Summarizes various state and federal
policies.
Animal Waste Pollution in America: An Emerging National Problem. Report produced by Senate staff for U.S. Senator Tom Harkin (IA)
on potential regulatory solutions to the problems created by large volumes of animal waste. United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry. Animal Waste Pollution in
America: An Emerging National Problem, December, 1997. Also available in PDF form.
'Boss Hog' News Series. The Raleigh News & Observer's pulitzer-prize winning series of news articles on North Carolina's hog
industry. "Boss Hog: North Carolina's Pork Revolution," The News & Observer [Raleigh, NC], February 19-26, 1995.
Congressional Testimony About Animal Factories from EPA Officials. Testimony regarding animal operations and clean water made by
several leading EPA officials before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry and the Subcommittee On Forestry, Resource Conservation, and Research of
the Committee On Agriculture. Cook, Michael, and Elaine Stanley. Statement of Michael Cook, Director, Office of Wastewater Management, and Elaine Stanley, Director, Office of Complaince, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Before U.S. House of Representatives, May 13, 1998.
Draft Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations. USEPA and USDA research and proposed regulations for issues relating to
concentrated animal feeding operations, including hog factories. United States Environmental Protection Agency, and United States Department of Agriculture. Draft Unified National Strategy
for Animal Feeding Operations. September 11, 1998.
"The Empire of the Pigs, A Special Report on Corporate Welfare." News article on how some pork producers can take advantage of government subsidies. Part of a TIME magazine investigative report on corporate welfare.
Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences. Summary of scientific research on issues related to nitrogen pollution.
Written in language designed to be understandable by non-scientists. Vitousek, Peter M., et al. "Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences," Issues in
Ecology, Spring 1997, No. 1. Also available in PDF form.
Large Scale, Corporate Hog Operations: Why Rural Communities Are Concerned and What They Should Do. Article by an
agricultural economist exploring ways in which large, corporate farming operations can affect rural communities and economies. Ikerd, John. Large Scale, Corporate Hog Operations: Why Rural
Communities Are Concerned and What They Should Do. University of Missouri, Columbia, http://ssu.agri.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/top-10h.htm. [downloaded 10/5/98].
Law and Policy for Feedlots: A Report on the ABA Special Committee on Agricultural Management Roundtable on Environmental Issues in Animal
Feedlots. Summary of discussion and findings made at an American Bar Association sponsored conference on animal operations, including information on regulatory and compliance issues,
common legal actions, and potential technical solutions to current problems. Kershen, Drew L, and Patricia E. Dougherty. Law and Policy for Feedlots: A Report on the ABA Special Committee on
Agricultural Management Roundtable on Environmental Issues in Animal Feedlots. Spring 1998. http://www.cast-science.org/9711aba2.htm.
Managing Odors from Swine Waste. Engineering information for farmers on how to best manage odors from hog waste. Nicolai, Richard E.
Managing Odors from Swine Waste. University of Minnesota Extension Program. Publication AEU-8. 1996.
Manure Management in Harmony with the Environment and Society. Proceedings and summaries of presentations from a major conference on animal waste management. Includes information on nutrient management planning, odor control, manure handling and storage, legal and regulatory issues, economics and funding initiatives.
Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorous and Nitrogen. Summary of scientific research on causes and effects of nutrient pollution
from nonpoint sources, such as agricultural run-off. Written in language designed to be understandable by non-scientists. Carpenter, Stephen, et al. "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters
with Phosphorous and Nitrogen," Issues in Ecology, Summer 1998, No. 3. Also available in PDF form.
North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual, 1997. Information on chemicals and fertilizers (including manure) used in agriculture.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University. 1997 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. 1997, Raleigh, NC.
Nutrients Available from Livestock Manure Relative to Crop Growth Requirements. Scientific study on the potential for using
crops to absorb nitrogen and phosphorous produced by factory farms. Includes several color maps. Lander, Charles H., David Moffitt and Klaus Alt (retired). Nutrients Available from Livestock
Manure Relative to Crop Growth Requirements. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Resource Assessment and Strategic Planning Working Paper 98-1.
Options for Managing Odor: A Report from the Swine Odor Taskforce. Summary of government-funded university research into odor
issues. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University. Options for Managing Odor: A Report from the Swine Odor Taskforce. March 1, 1995.
Policy Recommendations for Management of Agricultural Animal Waste in North Carolina. Policy research and
recommendations by graduate and doctoral students at Duke University. Agricultural Animal Waste Task Force. Policy Recommendations for Management of Agricultural Animal Waste in North
Carolina. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University. April 1996.
Pollution Potential of Livestock Manure. Engineering article on pollution strength of livestock manure. Chastain, John
P. "Pollution Potential of Livestock Manure," Engineering Notes, Winter 1994-95. [Published by University of Minnesota, Department of Agricultural Engineering].
Pork Facts 1998/1999. Pork industry publication which includes sections on pork production, marketing, and industry structure. National
Pork Producers Council, Pork Facts 1998/1999.
Pork Powerhouses 1998. Industry news article on major pork producers. Includes chart of 50 largest
producers. Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1998," Successful Farming, Oct. 1998, Vol. 96, No. 10. Previous years' articles also available:
Pork Powerhouses 1997. Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1997," Successful Farming, Oct. 1997, Vol. 95,
No. 10.
Pork Powerhouses 1996. Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1996," Successful Farming
Online, 1996, http://www.agriculture.com/sfonline/archive/sf/porkpwr/pph3indx.html.
Pork Powerhouses 1995. Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1995," Successful
Farming Online, 1995, http://www.agriculture.com/sfonline/archive/sf/porkpwr/pph2indx.html.
Pork Powerhouses 1994. Freese, Betsy. "Pork Powerhouses 1994," Successful
Farming Online, 1994, http://www.agriculture.com/sfonline/archive/sf/porkpwr/pp.html.
Regulation of Animal Waste - The North Carolina Experience. Article on history and evolution of animal waste regulations in North Carolina. Pierce, Carroll, and Dennis Ramsey. "Regulation of Animal Waste - The North Carolina Experience," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Sept./Oct. 1997, Vol. 52, No. 5.
Rural Health and Large-Scale Swine Operations. Thu, Kendall M. [online article, downloaded 12/12/98]. 'Sold Down the River' News Series. Series of news articles by Raleigh's News & Observer on the causes and effects of
pollution in North Carolina's Neuse River. "Sold Down the River," The News & Observer [Raleigh, NC], March 1996.
The Ray Kroc of Pigsties. Forbes article on Wendell Murphy, CEO of Murphy Family Farms. Roth, Daniel. "The Ray Kroc of
Pigsties," Forbes, Oct 13, 1997 v160 n8 p115.
This Little Piggy Went to Market: Will the New Pork Industry Call the Heartland Home_ Economic article on geographic and structural changes in the pork industry during the 1990s. Drabenstott, Mark. "This Little Piggy Went to Market: Will the New Pork Industry Call the Heartland Home_," Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, 1998Q3, Vol. 83, p79-97.
Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry. Summary of how hog farming can affect water quality. Includes information on
recent research and a comparison of state regulations. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University. Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry.
March 10, 1995.
What's That Smell in the Air_ Summary paper on hog issues prepared by a professor at the UNC-CH School of Public Health's Environmental Resource Program. Okun, Melva. What's That Smell in the Air_ 1997, http://checc.sph.unc.edu/rooms/library/docs/Hogs/hogcase.html.
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